en-us	Background  
zh-cn	背景 

en-us	This interim guidance is for all those, including managers of health care facilities and mortuaries, religious and public health authorities, and families, who tend to the bodies of persons who have died of suspected or confirmed COVID-19. 
zh-cn	本指导是一项临时指导文件，适用于所有处理 COVID-19疑似或确诊病例尸体的人员，包括医疗机构和停尸房管理人员、宗教人士和公共卫生主管部门以及死者的家人。 

en-us	These recommendations are subject to revision as new evidence becomes available. 
zh-cn	随着新证据的出现，可能会对这些建议进行修订。

en-us	Please refer to the WHO website for updates on the virus and technical guidance. 
zh-cn	关于该病毒的最新资料和技术指导，请参照世卫组织网站，了解有关病毒和技术指导的最新信息。 

en-us	Key considerations 
zh-cn	需要考虑的主要因素 

en-us	COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness caused by COVID-19 virus that predominantly affects the lungs; 
zh-cn	COVID-19是由COVID-19病毒引起的急性呼吸道疾病，主要影响肺部； 

en-us	Based on current evidence, the COVID-19 virus is transmitted between people through droplets, fomites and close contact, with possible spread through faeces. 
zh-cn	根据目前掌握的证据，COVID-19病毒在人际间通过飞沫、被污染媒介和密切接触方式传播，也有可能通过粪便传播

en-us	It is not airborne. 
zh-cn	COVID-19病毒不会通过空气传播。

en-us	As this is a new virus whose source and disease progression are not yet entirely clear, more precautions may be used until further information becomes available; 
zh-cn	由于这是一种新型病毒，其来源和疾病进展尚不完全清楚，在掌握进一步的信息之前，可能需要采取更多预防措施； 

en-us	Except in cases of hemorrhagic fevers (such as Ebola, Marburg) and cholera, dead bodies are generally not infectious. 
zh-cn	除了出血热(埃博拉、马尔堡)和霍乱，尸体通常不具有传染性。

en-us	Only the lungs of patients with pandemic influenza, if handled improperly during an autopsy, can be infectious. 
zh-cn	只有在尸体解剖过程中处理不当的情况下，大流行性流感患者的肺部才有可能具有传染性。

en-us	Otherwise, cadavers do not transmit disease. 
zh-cn	否则，尸体不会传播疾病。

en-us	It is a common myth that persons who have died of a communicable disease should be cremated, but this is not true. 
zh-cn	人们普遍认为，死于传染病的人应该火化，事实并非如此。

en-us	Cremation is a matter of cultural choice and available resources; 
zh-cn	是否火化是一种文化选择，而且要看有没有火化条件 

en-us	To date there is no evidence of persons having become infected from exposure to the bodies of persons who died from COVID-19; 
zh-cn	迄今为止，没有证据表明有人因为接触COVID-19患者尸体而被感染； 

en-us	People may die of COVID-19 in the health care facilities, home or in other locations; 
zh-cn	死于COVID-19的患者发生死亡的地方可能在医疗机构，也可能在家中或其他地方； 

en-us	The safety and well-being of everyone who tends to bodies should be the first priority. 
zh-cn	应该将保护每个处理尸体的人员的安全和福祉放在第一位。

en-us	Before attending to a body, people should ensure that the necessary hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies are available; 
zh-cn	在处理身体之前，应该确保提供必要的手部卫生和个人防护装备 

en-us	The dignity of the dead, their cultural and religious traditions, and their families should be respected and protected throughout; 
zh-cn	应该始终尊重和保护死者的尊严、文化和宗教传统及其家人； 

en-us	Hasty disposal of a dead from COVID-19 should be avoided; 
zh-cn	应该避免匆忙处置COVID-19死者； 

en-us	Authorities should manage each situation on a case-by-case basis, balancing the rights of the family, the need to investigate the cause of death, and the risks of exposure to infection. 
zh-cn	主管部门应该对每一种情况进行逐一管理，要兼顾死者家人的权利、必须调查死亡原因和感染风险。 

en-us	Preparing and packing the body for transfer from a patient room to an autopsy unit, mortuary, crematorium, or burial site 
zh-cn	尸体从病房转移到尸体解剖单位、停尸房、火葬场或埋葬地点前的准备和包装 

en-us	Ensure that personnel who interact with the body (health care or mortuary staff, or the burial team) apply standard precautions, including hand hygiene before and after interaction with the body, and the environment; 
zh-cn	确保与尸体接触的人员（医护人员或停尸房工作人员或埋葬人员）采取标准预防措施,包括与尸体接触前后的手部卫生以及环境；

en-us	and use appropriate PPE according to the level of interaction with the body, including a gown and gloves.
zh-cn	并根据与尸体接触的程度使用适当的个人防护装备，包括罩衣和手套。

en-us	If there is a risk of splashes from the body fluids or secretions, personnel should use facial protection, including the use of face shield or goggles and medical mask; 
zh-cn	如果有溅出体液或分泌物的危险，工作人员应使用面部防护设备，包括使用面罩或护目镜和医用口罩； 

en-us	Prepare the body for transfer including removal of all lines, catheters and other tubes; 
zh-cn	尸体转移前的准备，包括移除所有管线、导管和其他管子； 

en-us	Ensure that any body fluids leaking from orifices are contained; 
zh-cn	确保控制不让任何体液渗漏出来； 

en-us	Keep both the movement and handling of the body to a minimum; 
zh-cn	尽量减少搬动和处理尸体； 

en-us	Wrap body in cloth and transfer it as soon as possible to the mortuary area; 
zh-cn	用布包裹尸体，并尽快将其转移到停尸房区域； 

en-us	There is no need to disinfect the body before transfer to the mortuary area;  
zh-cn	在转移到停尸区之前，没有必要对尸体进行消毒； 

en-us	Body bags are not necessary, although they may be used for other reasons (e.g. excessive body fluid leakage); and 
zh-cn	没有必要使用尸体袋，尽管可能出于其他原因(如体液渗漏过多)而使用； 

en-us	No special transport equipment or vehicle is required. 
zh-cn	不需要特殊运输设备或车辆。 

en-us	Funeral home/ mortuary care 
zh-cn	殡仪馆/停尸房处理 

en-us	Health care workers or mortuary staff preparing the body (e.g. washing the body, tidying hair, trimming nails, or shaving) should wear appropriate PPE according to standard precautions (gloves, impermeable disposable gown [or disposable gown with impermeable apron], medical mask, eye protection); 
zh-cn	准备尸体的医护人员或太平间工作人员（例如，清洗尸体、整理头发、修剪指甲或剃须）应根据标准预防措施穿戴适当的个人防护装备(手套、不透水的一次性罩衣[或带不透水围裙的一次性罩衣]、医用口罩、护目镜）； 

en-us	If the family wishes only to view the body and not touch it, they may do so, using standard precautions at all times including hand hygiene. 
zh-cn	•如果家人只希望看看尸体而不触摸它，他们可以在采用标准预防措施的情况下随时去看，包括进行手部卫生。

en-us	Give the family clear instructions not to touch or kiss the body; 
zh-cn	明确告诉死者家人，不要触摸或亲吻尸体； 

en-us	Embalming is not recommended to avoid excessive manipulation of the body; 
zh-cn	不建议对尸体进行防腐处理，以避免过度处理身体； 

en-us	Adults >60 years and immunosuppressed persons should not directly interact with the body. 
zh-cn	60岁以上成年人和免疫功能不全者不应直接接触尸体。 

en-us	Autopsy, including engineering and environmental controls 
zh-cn	尸体解剖，包括工程和环境控制 

en-us	Safety procedures for deceased persons infected with COVID-19 should be consistent with those used for any autopsies of people who have died from an acute respiratory illness. 
zh-cn	适用于感染COVID-19的死者的安全程序应与死于急性呼吸系统疾病者的尸体解剖所采用的程序一致。

en-us	If a person died during the infectious period of COVID-19, the lungs and other organs may still contain live virus, and additional respiratory protection is needed during aerosol-generating procedures (e.g. procedures that generate small-particle aerosols, such as the use of power saws or washing of intestines); 
zh-cn	如果是在感染COVID-19期间死亡，肺部和其他器官可能仍然含有活体病毒，在产生气溶胶过程中需要采取额外的呼吸防护措施 (例如，使用电锯或清洗肠道等产生小颗粒气溶胶的过程）； 

en-us	If a body with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 is selected for autopsy, health care facilities must ensure that safety measures are in place to protect those performing the autopsy; 
zh-cn	如果选择对COVID-19疑似或确诊患者的尸体进行解剖，医疗卫生机构必须确保采取安全措施，以保护进行尸体解剖的人员4 

en-us	Perform autopsies in an adequately ventilated room,  i.e. at least natural ventilation with at least 160L/s/patient air flow or negative pressure rooms with at least 12 air changes per hour (ACH) and controlled direction of air flow when using mechanical ventilation; 
zh-cn	在通风情况良好的室内进行尸体解剖，即至少速度为每个死者每秒钟160升气流的自然通风，或每小时至少换气12次的负压房(ACH)，并在使用机械通风时控制气流方向; 

en-us	Only a minimum number of staff should be involved in the autopsy; 
zh-cn	•参与尸体解剖的工作人员应尽量最少； 

en-us	Appropriate PPE must be available, including a scrub suit, long sleeved fluid-resistant gown, gloves (either two pairs or one pair autopsy gloves), and face shield (preferably) or goggles, and boots. 
zh-cn	必须提供适当的个人防护装备，包括一套擦洗服、长袖防流体罩衣、手套（两副手套或一副尸体解剖手套）、面罩（最好）或护目镜和靴子。

en-us	A particulate respirator (N95 mask or FFP2 or FFP3 or its equivalent) should be used in the case of aerosol-generating procedures. 
zh-cn	在产生气溶胶过程中，应使用防护口罩(N95口罩或FFP2或FFP3或类似口罩） 

en-us	Environmental cleaning and control  
zh-cn	环境清洁和控制 

en-us	Human coronaviruses can remain infectious on surfaces for up to 9 days. 
zh-cn	人类冠状病毒可在物体表面保持传染性长达9天

en-us	COVID-19 virus has been detected after up to 72 hours in experimental conditions. 
zh-cn	在实验条件下，曾在长达72小时后检测到COVID-19病毒。

en-us	Therefore, cleaning the environment is paramount. 
zh-cn	因此，清洁环境至关重要。 

en-us	The mortuary must be kept clean and properly ventilated at all times; 
zh-cn	停尸房必须始终保持清洁和适当通风； 

en-us	Lighting must be adequate. 
zh-cn	照明必须充足。

en-us	Surfaces and instruments should be made of materials that can be easily disinfected and maintained between autopsies; 
zh-cn	物体表面和器械应使用易于消毒和维护的材料制成，以利于在尸体解剖前后进行消毒和维护； 

en-us	Instruments used during the autopsy should be cleaned and disinfected immediately after the autopsy, as part of the routine procedure; 
zh-cn	•作为常规程序的一部分，尸体解剖过程中使用的器械应在尸体解剖后立即进行清洗和消毒； 

en-us	Environmental surfaces, where the body was prepared, should first be cleaned with soap and water, or a commercially prepared detergent solution; 
zh-cn	准备尸体的环境地面应首先用肥皂和水或商用洗涤溶液进行清洁； 

en-us	After cleaning, a disinfectant with a minimum concentration of 0.1% (1000 ppm) sodium hypochlorite (bleach), or 70% ethanol should be placed on a surface for at least 1 minute. 
zh-cn	清洁后，用最低浓度为0.1%(百万分之1000) 次氯酸钠（漂白剂）或70%的酒精消毒剂进行至少1分钟的消毒。

en-us	Hospital-grade disinfectants may also be used as long as they have a label claim against emerging viruses and they remain on the surface according to manufacturer’s recommendations; 
zh-cn	也可使用医用消毒剂，只要它们在标签上注明有针对新出现病毒的消毒功效，并且按照厂商建议的方式对地面进行消毒； 

en-us	Personnel should use appropriate PPE, including respiratory and eye protection, when preparing and using the disinfecting solutions; and 
zh-cn	在准备和使用消毒溶液时，工作人员应使用适当的个人防护装备，包括呼吸和眼睛防护；和 

en-us	Items classified as clinical waste must be handled and disposed of properly according to legal requirements. 
zh-cn	属于医疗废物的物品必须按法律要求进行适当的处理和处置。 

en-us	Burial 
zh-cn	葬礼 

en-us	People who have died from COVID-19 can be buried or cremated. 
zh-cn	死于COVID-19者可以被埋葬或火化。 

en-us	Confirm national and local requirements that may dictate the handling and disposition of the remains. 
zh-cn	确认可能对处理和处置遗体做出规定的国家和地方要求。 

en-us	Family and friends may view the body after it has been prepared for burial, in accordance with customs. 
zh-cn	根据习俗，亲友们可能会在尸体做好埋葬准备之后瞻仰尸体。

en-us	They should not touch or kiss the body and should wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after the viewing; 
zh-cn	不应该触摸或亲吻身体，瞻仰后应该使用肥皂和水彻底洗手； 

en-us	Those tasked with placing the body in the grave, on the funeral pyre, etc., should wear gloves and wash hands with soap and water after removal of the gloves once the burial is complete. 
zh-cn	负责将尸体放入坟墓、放上火葬柴堆等的人应该戴手套，并在埋葬完成后取下手套后用肥皂和水洗手。 

en-us	Burial by family members or for deaths at home  
zh-cn	由家庭成员埋葬或死在家里 

en-us	In contexts where mortuary services are not standard or reliably available, or where it is usual for ill people to die at home, families and traditional burial attendants can be equipped and educated to bury people under supervision. 
zh-cn	如果停尸房服务不规范或不可靠，或者病人死在家里，则应为亲人和传统殡葬服务人员提供防护设备并进行防护教育，以便在监督下埋葬遗体。 

en-us	Any person (e.g. family member, religious leader) preparing the deceased (e.g. washing, cleaning or dressing body, tidying hair, trimming nails or shaving) in a community setting should wear gloves for any contact with the body. 
zh-cn	所有在社区环境中为死者做准备的人（如家庭成员、宗教领袖）（例如清洗、清洁或穿衣、 整理头发、修剪指甲或刮胡子）在接触尸体时都应戴手套。

en-us	For any activity that may involve splashing of bodily fluids, eye and mouth protection (face shield or goggles and medical mask) should be worn. 
zh-cn	对于所有可能涉及溅出体液的活动，都应佩戴防护眼睛和口鼻的设备（面罩或护目镜和医用口罩）。

en-us	Clothing worn to prepare the body should be immediately removed and washed after the procedure, or an apron or gown should be worn; 
zh-cn	为准备尸体而穿的衣服应该在工作完成后立即脱掉并清洗，或者应该穿围裙或罩衣； 

en-us	The person preparing the body should not kiss the deceased. 
zh-cn	处理尸体的人不应该亲吻死者。

en-us	Anyone who has assisted in preparing the body should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water when finished; 
zh-cn	任何协助处理尸体的人都应该在完成后用肥皂和水彻底洗手; 

en-us	Apply principles of cultural sensitivity and ensure that family members reduce their exposure as much as possible. 
zh-cn	要适用文化敏感性原则，确保家庭成员尽可能减少暴露机会。

en-us	Children, older people (>60 years old), and anyone with underlying illnesses (such as respiratory illness, heart disease, diabetes, or compromised immune systems) should not be involved in preparing the body. 
zh-cn	儿童、老人（60岁以上）和任何患有基础疾病（如呼吸道疾病、心脏病、糖尿病或免疫系统受损）的人不应参与处理尸体。

en-us	A minimum number of people should be involved in preparations.
zh-cn	参与处理尸体的人员应尽量少。

en-us	 Others may observe without touching the body at a minimum distance of 1 m; 
zh-cn	其他人可在不少于1米的距离观察但不要触及尸体； 

en-us	Family and friends may view the body after it has been prepared for burial, in accordance with customs. 
zh-cn	根据习俗，亲友们可能在尸体准备好埋葬后瞻仰遗体。

en-us	They should not touch or kiss the body and should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water following the viewing; physical distancing measures should be strictly applied (at least 1 m between people). 
zh-cn	不应该触摸或亲吻尸体，并且应该在瞻仰之后用肥皂和水彻底洗手；应严格采取限制物理距离的措施（至少保持1米距离）； 

en-us	People with respiratory symptoms should not participate in the viewing or at least wear a medical mask to prevent contamination of the place and further transmission of the disease to others; 
zh-cn	有呼吸系统症状的人不应该参与瞻仰或至少戴上医用口罩，以防止污染场所和将疾病进一步传播给他人； 

en-us	Those tasked with placing the body in the grave, on the funeral pyre, etc. should wear gloves and wash hands with soap and water once the burial is complete; 
zh-cn	负责将尸体放入坟墓、放上火葬柴堆等的人应戴手套，并在葬礼结束后用肥皂和水洗手； 

en-us	Cleaning of reusable PPE should be conducted in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions for all cleaning and disinfection products  (e.g. concentration, application method and contact time, etc.); 
zh-cn	可重复使用的个人防护装备的清洁工作应按照厂商对所有清洁和消毒产品的说明进行（例如浓度、使用方法和接触时间等）； 

en-us	Children, adults > 60 years, and immunosuppressed persons should not directly interact with the body; Although burials should take place in a timely manner, in accordance with local practices, funeral ceremonies not involving the burial should be postponed, as much as possible, until the end of the epidemic. 
zh-cn	儿童、60岁以上成人和免疫功能不全者不应与尸体直接接触； •尽管葬礼应根据当地风俗习惯及时进行，但不涉及埋葬的葬礼应尽可能推迟到疫情结束。

en-us	If a ceremony is held, the number of participants should be limited. 
zh-cn	如果举行葬礼，应该限制参加者的人数。

en-us	Participants should observe physical distancing at all times, plus respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene; 
zh-cn	参加者应始终保持物理距离，并且要注意呼吸礼仪和手部卫生； 

en-us	The belongings of the deceased person do not need to be burned or otherwise disposed of. 
zh-cn	死者的个人物品不需要焚烧或以其他方式处置。

en-us	However, they should be handled with gloves and cleaned with a detergent followed by disinfection with a solution of at least 70% ethanol or 0.1% (1000 ppm) bleach, 
zh-cn	不过，在处理时应该戴手套，并用洗涤剂清洗，然后用至少70%的酒精或0.1%(百万分之1000)漂白剂进行消毒； 

en-us	Clothing and other fabric belonging to the deceased should be machine washed with warm water at 60-90°C (140-194°F) and laundry detergent. 
zh-cn	属于死者的个人衣物和其他织物应使用60至90摄氏度（140-194华氏度）的热水和洗衣剂进行机器洗涤。

en-us	If machine washing is not possible, linens can be soaked in hot water and soap in a large drum using a stick to stir and being careful to avoid splashing. 
zh-cn	如果不能用洗衣机洗，可以将亚麻布放在大桶里用热肥皂水浸泡，用棍子撹拌，小心避免溅起水花。

en-us	The drum should then be emptied, and the linens soaked in 0.05% chlorine for approximately 30 minutes. 
zh-cn	然后倒掉大桶里的水，将亚麻布放在含有0.05%氯的水中浸泡约30分钟。

en-us	Finally, the laundry should be rinsed with clean water and the linens allowed to dry fully in sunlight. 
zh-cn	最后，应该用干净的水冲洗衣物，让亚麻布在阳光下晒干。