en-us	Coronaviruses: are they here to stay? 
zh-cn	冠状病毒：它们会长期存在吗？ 

en-us	In recent decades, zoonotic diseases–those transferred from animals to humans–have gained international attention. 
zh-cn	近几十年来，人畜共患病——病毒从动物转移到人类的疾病——已引起国际关注。

en-us	Ebola, avian influenza (or bird flu), H1N1 flu virus (or swine flu), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Rift Valley fever, sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), West Nile virus, the Zika virus–and now, the novel coronavirus COVID-19–have all either caused or threatened to cause major pandemics, with thousands of deaths and billions in economic losses. 
zh-cn	埃博拉病毒、禽流感、H1N1流感病毒（或猪流感）、中东呼吸综合征（MERS）、裂谷热、严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）、西尼罗河病毒、寨卡病毒——以及当前正在全球蔓延的 新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)均已引起或差点引起全球大流行，造成数千人死亡，以及数十亿美元的经济损失。 

en-us	Researchers have yet to identify the exact point at which the SARS-CoV-2 virus was transferred from animals to humans and presented itself in the form of COVID-19. 
zh-cn	研究人员尚未确定此次严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）从动物物种转移到人类身上，并以新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)形式出现的确切时间。

en-us	However, one thing is clear: COVID-19 will not be the last pandemic. 
zh-cn	但是，有一件事很清楚：2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)不会是最后一次大流行。 

en-us	In 2016, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) flagged a worldwide increase in zoonotic epidemics as an issue of concern. 
zh-cn	2016年，联合国环境规划署（UNEP）指出，人畜共患病在全球流行程度的提升是一大隐忧。

en-us	Specifically, it pointed out that 75 per cent of all emerging infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic and that these zoonotic diseases are closely interlinked with the health of ecosystems. 
zh-cn	《前沿报告》特别指出，人类所有的新兴传染病中，有75％是人畜共患病，这些人畜共患病与生态系统的健康密切相关。 

en-us	Human activity and ecosystems 
zh-cn	人类活动与生态系统 

en-us	According to the UNEP Frontiers report, zoonoses are opportunistic and thrive where there are changes in the environment, changes in animal or human hosts, or changes in the pathogen, itself. 
zh-cn	根据联合国环境规划署《前沿报告》，人畜共患病是由机会性病原体引发的感染，在环境发生变化时、动物或人类宿主的情况发生变化，或病原体自身发生变化的情况下，病原体会快速传播。 

en-us	In the last century, a combination of population growth and reduction in ecosystems and biodiversity has culminated in unprecedented opportunities for pathogens to pass between animals and people. 
zh-cn	在上个世纪，在人口增长与生态系统和生物多样性减少的双重压力，为病原体在动物和人之间传播提供了空前的机会。

en-us	On average, one new infectious disease emerges in humans every four months, the report says. 
zh-cn	报告指出，平均每4个月就有1种新的人类传染病出现。 

en-us	Changes in the environment 
zh-cn	环境变化 

en-us	Human activities have resulted in major changes in the environment.  
zh-cn	人类活动已导致环境发生重大变化。

en-us	By altering land use–for settlement, agriculture, logging, extractive or other industries and their associated infrastructure–humans fragment and encroach into animal habitats.  
zh-cn	改变土地用途用于定居、农业、伐木、采矿或其他行业的发展及其相关基础设施的修建，导致人类侵占了动物栖息地并使之割裂、碎片化。

en-us	They destroy the natural buffer zones that would normally separate humans from animals, and create opportunities for pathogens to spill over from wild animals to people. 
zh-cn	它们破坏了通常会将人与动物分割开的天然缓冲区，并为病原体从野生动物传播到人类身上创造了机会。 

en-us	Climate change–primarily the result of greenhouse gas emissions–exacerbates the situation. 
zh-cn	主要是温室气体排放的结果气候变化——主要是温室气体排放的结果——加剧了这种情况。

en-us	Changes in temperature, humidity and seasonality directly affect the survival of microbes in the environment; and evidence suggests that disease epidemics will become more frequent, as the climate continues to change.  
zh-cn	温度、湿度和季节的变化直接影响环境中微生物的生存； 有证据表明，随着气候变化不断加剧，疾病的产生和流行将更加频繁。

en-us	Rapid climate change is challenging to those with fewer resources for responding quickly, leaving them more vulnerable and amplifying their risk of harm from the spread of zoonotic disease. 
zh-cn	气候的迅速恶化对那些缺乏资源，无法迅速做出反应的人构成挑战，使他们更加脆弱，并加剧了人畜共患病传播的危害风险。 

en-us	Changes in pathogen hosts 
zh-cn	病原体宿主的变化 

en-us	Changes in human and animal populations that serve as hosts for certain pathogens are also often the effects of human activities.  They may be related to migration, urbanization, changing dietary preferences, trade demands, and travel. 
zh-cn	病原体在人和动物等宿主中的变化通常也受人类活动的影响，可能与移民、城市化、饮食偏好的变化、贸易需求和旅行有关。 

en-us	In many developing countries, economic growth and demographic shifts from rural to urban areas have stimulated consumer demand for dairy and meat products in cities.  
zh-cn	在许多发展中国家，经济增长和人口从农村向城市的转移刺激了城市消费者对乳制品和肉制品的需求。

en-us	This has led to the expansion of cropland and more intense livestock farming near and around cities, increasing opportunities for exposure.  
zh-cn	这导致了农田的扩大和城市附近及周边地区更密集的畜牧业，增加了接触和暴露的机会。 

en-us	Livestock often serve as an epidemiological bridge between wildlife and human infections, such as in the case of avian influenza.  
zh-cn	牲畜通常充当野生动植物与人类感染之间的流行病学桥梁，例如禽流感。

en-us	Pathogens first circulated in wild birds infected domestic poultry, and were then passed to humans. 
zh-cn	病原体首先在野生鸟类中传播，然后感染家禽，最后传染给人类。 

en-us	Proximity to different species though wet markets or consumption of wild animals can also facilitate animal to human transmission.  
zh-cn	通过水产市场接触不同物种或消费野生动物也可能促进病毒从动物向人类的传播。 

en-us	Early cases of SARS were associated with contact to caged civet cats, being sold in wet markets; and some cases of Ebola in Central Africa are believed to have been transferred from animal to human hosts when infected gorilla meat was consumed. 
zh-cn	SARS的早期病例就接触了在水产市场贩卖的果子狸。据信，在中非肆虐的埃博拉病例则因食用了受感染的大猩猩肉后，导致病毒从动物转移到人类宿主。  

en-us	Incubation–the time between human infection and the time when that human presents signs of infection–may last days or weeks; but millions of people, under normal circumstances, travel every day, from one country to another, in just hours.  
zh-cn	潜伏期·——从感染到发病的间隔期——可能持续数天或数周。在正常情况下，每天都有数百万人在短短几个小时内从一个国家前往另一个国家旅行。

en-us	A disease that originates in one country can quickly spread to others, regardless of the distances between them.  
zh-cn	因此，起源于一个国家的疾病可以迅速传播到另一个国家，不论两地的距离相隔多远。

en-us	This is particularly visible in the rapid spread of COVID-19, which affected almost every country in the world within three months of the first reported case. 
zh-cn	这一点在新冠病毒的传播蔓延中尤为明显，自从报告出现第一例病例到至今，三个月内这一病毒已经遍及世界上几乎每一个国家。 

en-us	Changes in pathogens 
zh-cn	病原体变化 

en-us	Pathogens change genetically (mutation) as they evolve which allows them to exploit new hosts and survive in new environments.  
zh-cn	病原体随着进化而发生遗传变化（突变），这使它们能够利用新宿主并在新环境中生存。 

en-us	One example of this is the emerging resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial drugs–such as antibiotics, antifungals, antiretrovirals and antimalarials–often resulting from the misuse of the drugs, either by people or in veterinary medicine.  
zh-cn	这方面的一个例子是病原体对抗菌药物（例如抗生素、抗真菌剂、抗逆转录病毒药物和抗疟疾药物）的耐药性不断加强，通常是由于人类滥用抗微生物药物或兽药残留引起的。 

en-us	Ecosystems integrity and human health 
zh-cn	生态系统完整性与人类健康 

en-us	Ecosystems are inherently resilient and adaptable and, by supporting diverse species, they help to regulate diseases.  
zh-cn	生态系统具有固有的弹性和适应性，并且通过支持各物种，助力控制疾病的传播。

en-us	The more biodiverse an ecosystem is, the more difficult it is for one pathogen to spread rapidly or dominate. 
zh-cn	生态系统的生物多样性越丰富，一种病原体就越难以迅速传播或占主导地位。

en-us	Human action, however, has modified wildlife population structures and reduced biodiversity at an unprecedented rate, producing conditions that favour particular hosts, vectors and/or pathogens. 
zh-cn	然而，人类活动以前所未有的速度改变了野生动植物的种群结构并减少了生物多样性，创造了有利于特定宿主、媒介和/或病原体的条件。 

en-us	For example, genetic diversity provides a natural source of disease resistance among animal populations; whereas intensive livestock rearing often produces genetic similarities within herds and flocks, making them susceptible to pathogen spillover from wild animals. 
zh-cn	例如，遗传多样性为动物种群提供了纯天然的抗病能力；而集约化饲养通常会在各个牲畜群间产生遗传相似性，使它们容易受到野生动物病原体的影响。 

en-us	Similarly, biodiverse areas enable disease-transmitting vectors to feed on a larger variety of hosts, some of which are less effective pathogen reservoirs.  
zh-cn	同样，在生物多样性热点地区，传播疾病的媒介会以多种宿主为食，其中有些宿主的病原体储藏效率较低。

en-us	Conversely, when pathogens occur in less biodiverse areas, transmission can be amplified, as has been shown in the case of West Nile Virus and Lyme Disease.  
zh-cn	相反，当病原体出现在生物多样性较低的地区时，传播力度可能被放大，相关案例在如西尼罗河病毒和莱姆病的传播中有所体现。 

en-us	UNEP Executive Director, Inger Andersen has observed that, "We are intimately interconnected with nature, whether we like it or not. 
zh-cn	联合国环境署执行主任英格·安德森（Inger Andersen）指出：“无论我们喜不喜欢，我们都与自然紧密相连。

en-us	If we don’t take care of nature, we can’t take care of ourselves."
zh-cn	如果我们不照顾自然，就不能照顾自己。”

en-us	What can be done 
zh-cn	可以做什么 

en-us	Addressing zoonotic disease emergence requires addressing its root cause–primarily, the impact of human activities on ecosystems. 
zh-cn	解决人畜共患病的出现需要解决其根本原因，主要是人类活动对生态系统的影响。 

en-us	This means recognizing the close relationships between human, animal and environmental health.  
zh-cn	这意味着要充分认识到人类、动物与环境健康之间的密切关系。

en-us	It means increased monitoring of human and wildlife health in landscapes that are at the beginning of transformation process to develop baselines, improve understanding and preparedness for potential outbreaks, and inform development to minimize risks to both humans and nature.   
zh-cn	这意味着在转变的最初，就应加强对生态系统中人类和野生动植物健康的监测，以制定基准，提高对潜在疾病爆发的认识和准备，并为发展提供相关建议和信息，以最大程度地降低对人类和自然的风险。

en-us	And it calls for collaborative, multisectoral, transdisciplinary and international efforts, as encapsulated by the One Health approach. 
zh-cn	它呼吁实施“人类、动物与生态环境健康一体”方法(One Health)所倡导的合作、多部门、跨学科和国际努力。 

en-us	With a global population nearing 10 billion, Andersen is emphatic that 2020 is "a year when we will have to fundamentally re-shape our relationship with nature." 
zh-cn	随着全球人口接近100亿，安德森强调2020年是“我们将必须从根本上重塑我们与自然的关系的一年。” 

en-us	UNEP, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and hundreds of partners across the planet are launching a 10-year effort to prevent, halt and reverse the degradation of ecosystems worldwide. 
zh-cn	联合国环境规划署、联合国粮食及农业组织以及全球数百个合作伙伴正在开展为期十年的努力，以预防、制止和扭转全球生态系统的退化。

en-us	Known as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030, this globally-coordinated response to the loss and degradation of habitats will focus on building political will and capacity to restore humankind's relation with nature. 
zh-cn	这种在全球范围内合作开展的，旨在遏制生态系统丧失和退化的倡议被称为“2021-2030联合国生态系统恢复十年”倡议，其重点是凝聚政治意愿，提升整体能力，以恢复人类与自然的关系。

en-us	It will be a direct response to the call from science, as articulated in the Special Report on Climate Change and Land of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and to the decisions taken by all UN Member States in the Rio Conventions on climate change and biodiversity, and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. 
zh-cn	这一倡议是对政府间气候变化专门委员会《气候变化与土地问题特别报告》中明确提出的科学呼吁，以及联合国所有会员国在《里约公约》中就气候变化和生物多样性所做决定，以及 联合国防治荒漠化公约的直接响应。

en-us	UNEP is also working with world leaders to develop a new and ambitious Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and bringing emerging issues (such as zoonotics) to the attention of decision makers. 
zh-cn	环境署还与世界各国领导人合作，致力于制定一个雄心勃勃的全新2020年后全球生物多样性框架，其中，已将一些新兴问题（如人畜共患病）纳入其中，以引起决策者注意。 

en-us	As the world responds to and recovers from the current pandemic, it will need a robust plan for protecting nature, so that nature can protect humanity.
zh-cn	当前，世界正与这场流行病做斗争并试图从中恢复，我们需要一个强有力的保护自然的计划，以使自然也可以保护到我们人类。