en-us	Please describe the document and how it can help in this current pandemic? 
zh-cn	请简单介绍一下这份文件及其对当前大流行有何帮助？ 

en-us	The compendium is intended to assist national and local governments, health organizations and countries in assessing and selecting appropriate technologies for the destruction of healthcare waste.  
zh-cn	该纲要旨在协助国家和地方政府、卫生组织和各国评估和选择适当的技术来销毁医疗废物。 

en-us	It can help those with responsibility for planning and managing the significant increase in medical waste as a result of this global pandemic. 
zh-cn	它为当前负责计划和管理因全球大流行导致的医疗废物激增的相关人员提供指导。 

en-us	What is healthcare waste? 
zh-cn	什么是医疗废物？ 

en-us	Healthcare waste is all the waste generated by healthcare facilities, medical laboratories and biomedical research facilities, as well as waste from minor or scattered sources.  
zh-cn	医疗废物是医疗设施、医学实验室和生物医学研究设施产生的所有废物，以及次要或分散来源的废物。 

en-us	Although hospitals produce the bulk of healthcare waste by volume, they are a small fraction of the total number of sources. 
zh-cn	尽管医院会产生大量医疗废物，但它们仅占来源总数的一小部分。 

en-us	Improper treatment and disposal of healthcare waste poses serious hazards of secondary disease transmission due to exposures to infectious agents among waste pickers, waste workers, health workers, patients, and the community in general where waste is improperly disposed. 
zh-cn	医疗废物的不正确处理和处置会造成严重的继发性疾病传播风险，因为垃圾收集工、废物工作者、医务工作者、患者以及整个社区都可能因废物处置不当而接触到传染源。 

en-us	Open burning and incineration without adequate pollution control exposes waste workers and the surrounding community to toxic contaminants in air emissions and ash. 
zh-cn	没有开展适当控制污染的露天焚烧和焚化会使废物工人和周围社区暴露在含有有毒污染无的空气排放物和灰烬中。 

en-us	How much medical waste does an average hospital produce? 
zh-cn	一般医院会产生多少医疗废物？ 

en-us	An assessment of waste generation rate data from around the world shows that about 0.5 kg per bed per day is produced in hospitals.  
zh-cn	对来自世界各地的废物产生率数据的评估表明，医院每天每张病床产生约0.5千克废物。 

en-us	However, this figure, and the underlying composition of the waste, varies enormously depending on local context, with higher-income countries generating far higher levels of waste and plastic, for example, often making up more than half of all medical waste.  
zh-cn	但是，这一数字以及废物的基本构成因当地情况的不同而有很大差异，例如，高收入国家产生的废物和塑料水平高得多，通常占全部医疗废物的一半以上。 

en-us	Because of this huge diversity, there is no single best solution to dealing with medical waste. 
zh-cn	由于废物种类繁多，因此没有唯一的最佳解决方案来处理医疗废物问题。 

en-us	The compendium provides a robust methodology for analysing local healthcare waste generation, composition and disposal needs and selecting appropriate technologies as part of a local waste management system. 
zh-cn	该纲要为分析当地医疗废物的产生、组成和处置需求以及选择适当的技术作为当地废物管理系统的一部分提供了一种可靠的方法。 

en-us	Which kind of medical waste is most risky in terms of spreading infectious diseases? 
zh-cn	就传播传染病而言，哪种医疗废物风险最高？ 

en-us	Healthcare waste can be categorized according to the following general classifications:  
zh-cn	可以根据以下一般分类法对医疗废物进行分类： 

en-us	sharps waste, 
zh-cn	锐器废物， 

en-us	pathological waste,  
zh-cn	病理废物， 

en-us	other infectious wastes,  
zh-cn	其他传染性废物， 

en-us	pharmaceutical waste including cytotoxic waste, hazardous chemical waste, radioactive waste, and general (non-risk) waste. 
zh-cn	药物废物，包括细胞毒性废物，危险化学品废物，放射性废物和一般（无风险）废物。 

en-us	In general, between 75 and 90 per cent of the waste produced by healthcare facilities is non-risk (non-infectious, non-hazardous) general waste, comparable to domestic waste.  
zh-cn	通常，医疗机构产生的废物中有75％至90％是非危险性（非传染性、无害）普通废物，与家庭废物相当。 

en-us	Infectious waste is waste that is suspected to contain pathogens (disease-causing bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi) in sufficient concentration or quantity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. 
zh-cn	传染性废物是指怀疑含有足以引起易感宿主疾病的浓度或数量的病原体（引起疾病的细菌、病毒、寄生虫或真菌）的废物。 

en-us	The Compendium talks about segregation of medical waste. 
zh-cn	该简编谈到了医疗废物的隔离。

en-us	What does this segregation mean? 
zh-cn	隔离是什么意思？ 

en-us	Segregation is an important element in efficient healthcare waste management.  
zh-cn	隔离是有效医疗废物管理中的重要元素。 

en-us	By separating hazardous from non-hazardous waste one can dramatically reduce the volume of waste that requires specialized treatment.  
zh-cn	通过将危险废物与非危险废物分开，可以大大减少需要专门处理的废物量。 

en-us	Other elements of healthcare waste management include waste classification, waste minimization, containerization, colour coding, labelling, signage, handling, transport, storage, treatment and final disposal. 
zh-cn	医疗废物管理的其他要素包括废物分类、废物产生量最小化、集装箱化、颜色编码、标签、标牌、处理、运输、储存、处理和最终处置。 

en-us	And, of course, to maintain such a system requires continuous training, planning, budgeting, monitoring, evaluation, documentation and record-keeping. 
zh-cn	而且，当然，要维护这样的系统，需要不断的培训、计划、预算、监控、评估、文档和记录保存。 

en-us	What should countries do to implement a waste management policy for medical waste? 
zh-cn	各国应如何执行医疗废物管理政策？ 

en-us	The process of institutionalization of a good healthcare waste management system is complex.  
zh-cn	一个好的医疗废物管理系统的制度化过程是复杂的。 

en-us	It entails a waste assessment and evaluation of existing practices,  
zh-cn	它涉及废物评估和现有做法的评估、 

en-us	evaluation of waste management options,  
zh-cn	废物管理备选方案的评估、 

en-us	development of a waste management plan,  
zh-cn	废物管理计划的制定、 

en-us	promulgation of institutional policies and guidelines,  
zh-cn	机构政策和准则的颁布、 

en-us	establishment of a waste management organization,  
zh-cn	废物管理组织的建立、 

en-us	allocation of human and financial resources,  
zh-cn	人力和财力的分配、 

en-us	implementation of plans according to a set timelines, as well as a programme of periodic training, monitoring, evaluation and continuous improvement.   
zh-cn	计划执行表的设定，以及定期培训、监控、评估和持续改进计划。 

en-us	How can this compendium inform coronavirus waste management for hospitals? 
zh-cn	该纲要如何指导医院冠状病毒废物管理？ 

en-us	Countries, cities and institutions that have used this compendium, or other similar tools, and developed an operating waste management system, are far better able to cope with surges in medical waste associated with disasters, including the ongoing pandemic.  
zh-cn	使用该纲要或其他类似工具，并开发可操作的废物管理系统的国家、城市和机构，能够更好地应对与灾害（包括持续的大流行）相关的医疗废物激增的问题。 

en-us	The best medical waste management systems include contingency plans for natural disasters, including pandemics. 
zh-cn	最好的医疗废物管理系统包括针对自然灾害（包括大流行）的应急计划。 

en-us	The compendium is, however, a risk reduction tool, very useful and relevant to the pandemic response over a medium- to longer-term timescale from months to years, but must be complemented with rapid response guidelines for emergency operations in real time. 
zh-cn	但是，虽然该简编是一种减少风险的工具，非常有用，并且与长达几个月甚至几年的中长期的大流行响应工作息息相关，但必须辅以实时的应急行动快速应对指南。 

en-us	What are the basic processes involved in the treatment of healthcare waste? 
zh-cn	医疗废物处理涉及哪些基本过程？ 

en-us	There are four basic processes involved in the treatment of healthcare waste: thermal, chemical, irradiative and biological processes. 
zh-cn	医疗废物的处理涉及四个基本过程：热过程、化学过程、辐射过程和生物过程。 

en-us	The unfortunate reality worldwide is, however, that an enormous amount of healthcare waste, including waste generated as a result of our pandemic responses, is either mistreated with improperly maintained technologies, or not treated at all.
zh-cn	然而，全球范围内不幸的现实是，大量医疗保健废物（包括由于我们的大流行而产生的废物）要么使用了维护不当的技术进行了错误处理，要么根本没有得到处理。