en-us	Since the COVID-19 outbreak, “the instability and fear that the pandemic engenders is exacerbating existing human rights concerns, such as discrimination against certain groups”, as pointed out by the UN Secretary-General in a policy brief on COVID-19 and Human Rights. 
zh-cn	正如联合国秘书长在关于新冠疫情与人权的政策简报中所指出，自爆发以来，“疫情所引起的不稳定性和恐惧正在加剧现有的人权问题，例如对某些群体的歧视问题”。

en-us	Ms E. Tendayi Achiume and Mr Fernand de Varennes, respectively the UN Special Rapporteurs on contemporary forms of racism and on minority issues, also reported on COVID-19-related attacks against minority groups worldwide. 
zh-cn	联合国当代形式种族主义问题特别报告员阿丘梅和联合国少数群体问题特别报告员德瓦雷纳也报告了世界范围内与新冠疫情有关的针对少数群体的攻击事件。

en-us	Despite the scarcity of data on this phenomenon, the discriminatory incidents reported in newspaper articles and on social media seem to confirm that this is a global phenomenon. 
zh-cn	尽管关于这一现象的相关数据不多，但报纸文章和社交媒体报道的歧视性事件似乎证实了这是一种全球现象。

en-us	The information received by 10 UNESCO Chairs on the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups illustrates how their respective countries were affected.  
zh-cn	通过10个教科文组织教席收集的新冠疫情对弱势群体影响的相关信息，我们可以了解这些国家各自受到了什么样的影响。 

en-us	The COVID-19 outbreak reinforced the targeting of the “other” 
zh-cn	新冠疫情爆发致使针对“他者”的行为愈演愈烈 

en-us	While the profile of victims varies from country to country, there seems to be a common pattern in discriminatory acts occurring during the pandemic: more often than not the target is generally the 'other', i.e. the foreigner, someone belonging to an ethnic or cultural minority, etc.  
zh-cn	虽然各国受害者的情况各不相同，但在新冠疫情期间发生的歧视性行为似乎有一个共同的模式：目标通常是“他者”，即外国人、属于某一族裔或文化少数群体的人等。 

en-us	During the first phase of the COVID-19 contagion, those who suffered the most from discrimination were Asians and people of Asian descent, who were frequently targeted for causing the pandemic and its spread. 
zh-cn	在新冠疫情的第一阶段，受歧视最严重的是亚洲人和亚裔，他们因被认为是病毒源头和传播者而经常被针对。

en-us	As reported by UNESCO Chairs from Italy, Spain, Greece, Denmark and the Netherlands, discriminatory episodes consisted of verbal assaults in public places, denigrating campaigns on social media, the boycott of their business activities and, in some cases, difficulties in access to educational institutions.  
zh-cn	据来自意大利、西班牙、希腊、丹麦和荷兰的教科文组织教席报告，歧视性事件包括在公共场所进行言论攻击、在社交媒体上展开诋毁运动、抵制受歧视对象的商业活动，有时还会阻碍他们享受平等教育。 

en-us	In some contexts, discriminatory attacks spilled over to other groups. 
zh-cn	歧视性攻击在某些情况下还蔓延到其他群体。

en-us	According to the UNESCO Chair on Education for Social Justice at the Autonomous University of Madrid, Roma communities in northern Spain were targeted, allegedly as they were the first to be contaminated by COVID-19.  
zh-cn	据马德里自治大学教科文组织“社会正义教育”教席称，西班牙北部的罗姆人社区成为了受歧视对象，因为他们被据说是第一批感染新冠病毒的群体。 

en-us	Similarly, the UNESCO Chair for the Promotion of the Culture of Peace and Non-Violence at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education in India reported that Muslim communities, who represent the largest minority of the country, have been victims of attacks and other forms of discrimination amidst the pandemic. 
zh-cn	同样，印度马尼帕尔高等教育学院教科文组织“促进和平与非暴力文化”教席报告称，穆斯林作为该国最大的少数群体，在疫情当中成为了歧视攻击和其他形式歧视的受害者。

en-us	These episodes started to emerge when the spread of the virus was allegedly associated with a gathering held by a Muslim missionary movement in March.  
zh-cn	病毒的传播据说与3月份一场穆斯林传教活动举行的集会有关，歧视事件因此发生。 

en-us	Discrimination and stigma take new forms as the pandemic evolves 
zh-cn	随疫情发展，歧视和污名化出现新形式 

en-us	It has been observed that discrimination evolved in many places in parallel to the pandemic, and that new targets were chosen along the way. 
zh-cn	据观察，许多地方的歧视现象随疫情的发展而演变，并且出现了新的受歧视对象。

en-us	If, at the very beginning targets were those erroneously considered as the cause of the disease, the fear of contagion led progressively to attacks also against people who, for different reasons, were particularly exposed to the virus. 
zh-cn	如果说一开始的攻击目标是那些被错误地认为是病毒源头的人，那么对传染的恐惧则逐渐导致那些由于不同原因特别容易感染病毒的人也遭受到攻击。 

en-us	As quoted by the UNESCO Chair on housing at the University Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona in Spain, the targets of discriminatory attacks changed over the weeks as “another type of stigmatization arose out of the fear of being infected.” 
zh-cn	正如西班牙塔拉戈纳市罗维拉·依维尔基里大学教科文组织“住房问题”教席所引述，歧视性攻击的目标在几周内发生了改变，因为“对病毒感染的恐惧产生了另一种污名化”。

en-us	In some cases, this fear resulted in threats against healthcare workers and supermarkets clerks who were at risk of being infected in their workplaces. 
zh-cn	这种恐惧有时会导致医务人员和超市员工遭受威胁，因为他们在工作场所有被感染的风险。

en-us	For instance, the UNESCO Chair in conflict resolution at the University of Córdoba reported that healthcare professionals were asked by their communities not to go back to their homes, so as to avoid contaminating their neighbours. 
zh-cn	例如，据科尔多瓦大学教科文组织“冲突解决”教席报告称，有些社区要求医务人员不要回家，以免感染邻居。

en-us	In other cases, the fear of contagion led to stigma and discriminatory attacks against the homeless who, due to their predicament, cannot comply with the lockdown, nor apply other basic preventive measures.  
zh-cn	在另外一些情况中，病毒传染的恐惧也导致无家可归者遭受了污名化和歧视性攻击，他们由于条件困难而无法遵守隔离要求，也无法采取其他的基本预防措施。 

en-us	All these incidents seem to confirm that, in times of crisis and great uncertainty, especially of such magnitude as the one we are currently experiencing, people tend to look for scapegoats in order to vent their frustrations, worries and fears.  
zh-cn	所有这些事件似乎都证实，在危机和极度不确定的时期（尤其是我们目前经历的巨大危机和不确定时期），人们往往会寻找替罪羊以发泄他们的沮丧、担忧和恐惧。 

en-us	Countering stigma through enhanced solidarity and awareness-raising  
zh-cn	加强团结、提高认识，抵制污名化 

en-us	As the pandemic escalated, international and regional organizations called on states for solidarity, not only in tackling the health emergency but also its impacts, especially on the most vulnerable.  
zh-cn	随着疫情升级，各大国际和区域组织呼吁各国团结一致，不仅要应对卫生方面的紧急情况，还要应对其产生的影响，尤其是对脆弱群体的影响。 

en-us	In many countries, responses took the form of mass media campaigns launched by national and local authorities, and civil society. 
zh-cn	在许多国家，国家政府、地方政府及民间团体发起了大众传媒运动以应对这一问题。

en-us	These had the following objectives: to call for citizen’s solidarity and to contribute to changing people’s attitudes towards groups who are at risk of discrimination in a specific context. 
zh-cn	这些运动的目标在于：呼吁公民团结一致，并帮助改变人们在特定情况下对可能受到歧视的群体的态度。

en-us	Tackling prejudices, emerges, therefore as a key intervention, along with other measures providing financial support or aimed at improving access of disadvantaged groups to basic services.  
zh-cn	因此，和其他提供财政支持或旨在帮助弱势群体获得基本服务的措施一样，消除偏见也是一项重要的干预措施。 

en-us	The UNESCO Chairs participating in this survey reported the multiplication of such initiatives in their countries. 
zh-cn	参加这项调查的教科文组织教席报告称，此类活动在它们所在的国家大有增势。

en-us	It is worth mentioning the emergence of citizen-driven support and solidarity networks 
zh-cn	另外值得一提的是由公民驱动的支持和团结网络的出现，

en-us	which “play a crucial role in preventing and limiting the effects of social stigmatization and ethnic discrimination associated with the virus” - as pointed out by the UNESCO Chairs at the University Carlos III of Madrid, at the University  Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona and at the University of Florence. 
zh-cn	正如马德里卡洛斯三世大学、塔拉戈纳市罗维拉·依维尔基里大学和佛罗伦萨大学的教科文组织教席所指出，这“在预防和减少与病毒有关的社会污名化及族裔歧视的影响方面发挥着至关重要的作用”。 

en-us	The UNESCO Chair on Education for Human Rights, Peace and Democracy at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki reported that in Greece, where the number of immigrants and asylum seekers has been sharply rising since 2015,
zh-cn	据塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学教科文组织“人权、和平与民主教育”教席报告称，在希腊，移民和寻求庇护者人数自2015年以来急剧上升，

en-us	 national NGOs and the International Organization of Migration (IOM) launched campaigns calling for citizens’ support for refugees.  
zh-cn	国家各非政府组织和国际移民组织（IOM）都已发起运动，呼吁公民支持难民。 