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63482 If, at the very beginning targets were those erroneously considered as the cause of the disease, the fear of contagion led progressively to attacks also against people who, for different reasons, were particularly exposed to the virus. 如果说一开始的攻击目标是那些被错误地认为是病毒源头的人，那么对传染的恐惧则逐渐导致那些由于不同原因特别容易感染病毒的人也遭受到攻击。
63483 As quoted by the UNESCO Chair on housing at the University Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona in Spain, the targets of discriminatory attacks changed over the weeks as “another type of stigmatization arose out of the fear of being infected.” 正如西班牙塔拉戈纳市罗维拉·依维尔基里大学教科文组织“住房问题”教席所引述，歧视性攻击的目标在几周内发生了改变，因为“对病毒感染的恐惧产生了另一种污名化”。
63484 In some cases, this fear resulted in threats against healthcare workers and supermarkets clerks who were at risk of being infected in their workplaces. 这种恐惧有时会导致医务人员和超市员工遭受威胁，因为他们在工作场所有被感染的风险。
63485 For instance, the UNESCO Chair in conflict resolution at the University of Córdoba reported that healthcare professionals were asked by their communities not to go back to their homes, so as to avoid contaminating their neighbours. 例如，据科尔多瓦大学教科文组织“冲突解决”教席报告称，有些社区要求医务人员不要回家，以免感染邻居。
63486 In other cases, the fear of contagion led to stigma and discriminatory attacks against the homeless who, due to their predicament, cannot comply with the lockdown, nor apply other basic preventive measures.  在另外一些情况中，病毒传染的恐惧也导致无家可归者遭受了污名化和歧视性攻击，他们由于条件困难而无法遵守隔离要求，也无法采取其他的基本预防措施。
63487 All these incidents seem to confirm that, in times of crisis and great uncertainty, especially of such magnitude as the one we are currently experiencing, people tend to look for scapegoats in order to vent their frustrations, worries and fears.  所有这些事件似乎都证实，在危机和极度不确定的时期（尤其是我们目前经历的巨大危机和不确定时期），人们往往会寻找替罪羊以发泄他们的沮丧、担忧和恐惧。
63488 Countering stigma through enhanced solidarity and awareness-raising  加强团结、提高认识，抵制污名化
63489 As the pandemic escalated, international and regional organizations called on states for solidarity, not only in tackling the health emergency but also its impacts, especially on the most vulnerable.  随着疫情升级，各大国际和区域组织呼吁各国团结一致，不仅要应对卫生方面的紧急情况，还要应对其产生的影响，尤其是对脆弱群体的影响。
63490 In many countries, responses took the form of mass media campaigns launched by national and local authorities, and civil society. 在许多国家，国家政府、地方政府及民间团体发起了大众传媒运动以应对这一问题。
63491 These had the following objectives: to call for citizen’s solidarity and to contribute to changing people’s attitudes towards groups who are at risk of discrimination in a specific context. 这些运动的目标在于：呼吁公民团结一致，并帮助改变人们在特定情况下对可能受到歧视的群体的态度。